Court History and Purpose Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Court History and Purpose - Essay Example In the United States of America, courts are organized into two systems; the state and federal court systems. In this respect, the U.S. court system is organized in dual or has a two-tier structure as noted by Siegel, Schmalleger and Worrall (2011). The state courts have the responsibility of hearing cases that do not involve the federal government or several states. The two tier system historically came about as original colonies surrendered their independence to the central government while maintaining jurisdictional distinction. The development of courts in the U.S. is a result of several factors. Some of the elements that have played a role in court development in this respect include common law, early legal codes, and precedent (Siegel, Schmalleger & Worrall, 2011). Common law tradition that is applicable in the U.S. today originated in England (law.berkeley.edu., 2012). This tradition was applied in British colonies in the middle ages. On the other hand, civil law tradition orig inated in the same period in continental Europe. The tradition was applied in European colonies including Portugal and Spain and later was adopted by numerous countries including Japan and Russia. Civil law systems have legal codes that are comprehensive and that are constantly updated. Civil law outlines the framework within which judges work and make rulings with legal scholars and legislators playing the more critical roles in the system. Civil law originated in Latin and was applicable to all citizens of Rome. In time, ancient Roman law principles were adopted by Europeans in an effort to meet modern needs (Stein, 2009). With the practice of civil law in Europe became common practice, local customs found a significant role as a basis for the development of law. The U.S. legal system is firmly grounded on common law tradition as practiced in England in the early days (law.berkeley.edu., 2012). In as much as common law relies on a few statutes, most decisions made in this respect are based on precedent. This means that the courts today make decisions on issues based on similar cases that have been decided in the past. Generally uncodified, common law has been practiced in courts based on court records, and year books. As an example, Louisiana state law is founded on civil law (codified law) owing to the fact that the state was previously a territory for the Spanish and French (law.berkeley.edu., 2012). California on the other hand has a state civil code that is based on traditional Roman civil law although the law as practiced is mostly common law. The state’s current community property law, for example, is based on the legal customs of ancient Spain as opposed to English common law (law.berkeley.edu., 2012). As can be seen from the examples given above, the common and civil law traditions as applied in the U.S. courts have a rich history and are associated with ancient foundations of modern law. Role of courts in criminal justice Criminal justice enc ompasses the set of government institutions and practices that are dedicated to the maintenance of social order, crime prevention, and sanctioning of those who contravene the law. While several organizations and government agencies form part of the criminal justice system, one of the main players in this respect is the court. The court plays a major function in criminal justice system. The separation of the roles of elements of the criminal

Editorial, any topic about the news in San Fransisco Bay Area Essay

Editorial, any topic about the news in San Fransisco Bay Area communications - Essay Example In a recent article, â€Å"Town of Clearlake Takes Center Stage In Emotional Battle Over Medicinal Marijuana Cultivation Ban†, by Joe Vazquez, patients within Clearlake believe that by the state government banning cultivation of the plant the lives of various patients are put at a risk considering the medicinal benefits of Marijuana. The citizens have proceeded to file a suit that would stop illegalizing the cultivation of the plant. According to Vazquez, one of the citizens, Jeri Spittler believes that Marijuana has been very helpful in managing her husband who has cancer. According to her, her husband’s loss of senses of smell and tastes has been well covered by marijuana extracted oil, which she feeds her husband with smoothies to make him aware that time to eat has come. She thus believes that banning of the drug bars her husband from this benefit. I agree with Spittler’s take on this issue due to my own experience with my grandmother who was suffering from cancer. She used to suffer a lot and had to endure unending spasms of pain all through the day regardless of receiving medication that would ease her suffering. Besides, the more the effective the pain medication is, the more expensive it is, an aspect that hindered her from getting adequate pain management medication. However, after a friend suggested the use of marijuana as a pain reliever, she started drinking the marijuana syrup and exhibited a great improvement with reduced pain especially during the night allowing her to rest. In addition, her appetite improved and she could consume enough nutrients to meet her bodily requirements. With this, she was able to live long beyond the time that had been predicted by the doctors. The National Cancer Institute posits that cannabis has various benefits to cancer patients including appetite stimulation, antiemetic effect s, improved sleep, and pain relief

Ethics in Information System Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Ethics in Information System - Research Paper Example She knows that the music company will charge her for using the same music in the other restaurant but she still does not inform the music company. Music is something which will be used as an attraction for the restaurant. It will have a soothing effect on the customers of restaurants. But still Alison is not ready to pay for the music. This is extremely wrong because she is earning profits from the music. Ethical issues like these are very common in the realm of Information Systems. Technology has made our lives easier but we do not understand that this technology is not to favor ‘us’ only but it is for everyone (Warren, M. 2006). The technology is not for us to misuse. Taking someone else’s right in the name of technology is not justified. Awareness is what is lacking in this case. Alison thinks that it is not a big deal to copy the music from one restaurant to another. When faced with an ethical dilemma proper awareness is needed. Moral decision involves ignoring once interest and doing the right thing. Everyone cannot just think about himself or herself. We have to think with the perspective of everyone involved in the dilemma and only then a correct decision can be taken. In this case Alison should contact the company from which she has purchased the music and ask their permission before using it in the second restaurant. Only after the permission of the company she can use the music otherwise not. One can understand her desire for cost cutting so she can request a discount from the company but she cannot just use it without their consent. Stake holder theory says that ethical issues should be resolved by keeping in mind the interest of all stakeholders without violating anyone’s right (Smith & Hasnas, 1999). This theory can guide Alison in this case. She can make a decision keeping in mind the interest of all stakeholders involved in the decision, namely herself and the music company. As

Porters Five Forces to Analyze the Competitive Environment in which Essay

Porters Five Forces to Analyze the Competitive Environment in which Ryanair operates Bargaining Power of Suppliers - Essay Example The customers of Ryanair are putting on them a lot of collective pressure so that they can lower the travel expenses and improve the quality of their airline services. The customers associated with Ryanair are enjoying a higher bargaining power since switching to other airlines with better services is very easy with little or no costs. In the case of Ryanair, the substitutes for their transport systems include railways, sea transport, and road transport and any strategy by them poses a threat to Ryanair profitability. However, Ryanair is still able to operate at a lower cost, leading to lower cost of services that attract more customers. The threat of new entrants in this industry is relatively low due to high costs involved in the initial stages of the business set up that many cannot afford. Economics of scale can only be enjoyed by big players like Ryanair and this makes other possible investors be scared away (O’Cuilleannain, Falle, Sobokta, Kleinert, Chassart, Farrell, 2004). There is also difficulty in gaining access to distribution channels that poses a barrier to new entrants. Since the airline industry is highly fragmented, competition is very high leading to low returns. In order to survive, Ryanair is constantly coming up with unique business models in order to outweigh their competitors and make reasonable profits. Ryanair is luck since it is based in Europe whereby European Union is a complete stable political region that provides a good environment for business to thrive. The integration of the European Union has provided an opportunity for this airline industry to expand its operations very swiftly without hurdles (Muller, 2011). The operations of Ryanair are also affected by the OPEC since its an organization that determines the fuel prices that Ryanair operates on.

Glass beaker Essay Example for Free

Glass beaker Essay Our experiment will be repeated three times, and we will use the same stopwatch. We will place the candle onto the safety mat and light it. Carefully, one of us will cover the lit candle with the beaker, whilst the other shall start the stopwatch. As soon as the candle goes out the stopwatch shall be stopped, measured and the result will be recorded into the results table. This shall be repeated two more times for the same beaker and the results will also be recorded into the results table. We will carry out this method four more times for the measured beakers, and then we will do the same with the Gas Jar. The difference in method between the Gas Jar and the other beakers is that we know the volumes of the other beakers, but the volume of the Gas Jar is unknown. For the Gas Jar, we will put a candle onto a safety mat, light it, and then cover it with the Gas Jar. We will start the stopwatch and record how many seconds the candle is lit for. As soon as the candle goes out, the stopwatch will be stopped. We will record the amount of time the candle is lit for, into the results table. Then I will find the average result of the three tests for each beaker. I will find this by using this formula. This average will then be recorded into my results table. Then I will draw my graph. On my graph, the seconds will be on the y axis and the volumes of the beakers will be on the x axis. I will plot all of my results onto my graph and measure a line of best fit. On the line of best fit will be all of the approximate results of the seconds the candle is lit for, for all volumes of beakers. To find the volume of the gas jar, I will plot the time that the candle was lit for on the line of best fit. Then I will follow my finger from the line, horizontally, to the y axis, and see what the approximate volume of the Gas Jar is. Results TIME CANDLE IS LIT FOR (s) Volume of Glass Beaker (cm 3) Test 1 Test 2 Test 3 AVERAGEAnalysis From my results I have found out the Gas Jar has an approximate volume of 200 cm cubed. I conclude that it is possible to find out the volume of a beaker when all you know is how long a candle burns for when it is placed underneath. The graph proves my prediction to be correct. I said that the larger the beaker, the longer the candle will burn for, which would then give my graph a positive correlation. This is what happened. When the size of the beaker went up, so did the amount of time the candle beneath it. There was a relationship between the variables I was measuring The larger the Beaker, the longer the candle will burn for. I proved that there is more oxygen in a large beaker than a small beaker, as the small beakers candle did not stay lit for as long as a larger beakers candle. Evaluation I have achieved the aim that I wrote at the beginning of my experiment. I have found out whether it is the candle or the size of the beaker that determines how long the candle burns for. I have also found out that you can determine the volume of a gas jar, just by timing how long the candle burns for when placed underneath. My plan was quite good. I have achieved all that I wanted to achieve, and found out all that I wanted to find out. I have gained everything from my experiment that I had aimed to gain, and without any problems. I dont think that I could have changed anything to make it better, except to maybe do more tests to get my average from, because they will, of course, be more accurate. I didnt change anything to make anything work better, it already worked perfectly fine. My results were very good, all of my results were consistent as they were quite close to each other. Also they followed my prediction perfectly, I had no problems. From my results I have calculated that the Gas Jar had an approximate volume of 200 cm cubed. The actual volume of the gas jar is 210 cm cubed. This result is extremely close to my approximation, which means that my results were very accurate. I also believe that my experiment was a very fair test, we followed our method exactly and had no reason to change anything. I think that my results were pretty reliable. There was an obvious line of best fit in which many of the results fitted in with. I did have one anomalous reading though, but it was not far off track. An Anomalous reading is a reading that didnt follow the same pattern as the others. This might have occurred because of a number of reasons. For example, We couldve made an error in taking measurements or we might not have filled up the gaps in the beaker enough etc. I think, that by carrying out a further experiment, we would extend our knowledge by changing the experiment a little, by maybe changing a different variable or by having more tests. Either way, we would learn a lot more on this specific subject. Katrina Farrant 10HA Show preview only The above preview is unformatted text This student written piece of work is one of many that can be found in our GCSE Patterns of Behaviour section.

Legislation Of Health And Safety Construction Essay

Legislation Of Health And Safety Construction Essay This report provides a brief overview of the legislation, which sets out the duties imposed on everyone at workplaces.This outlines the responsibilities of every person at the workplace, the consultative framework, the requirements for reporting injuries and dangerous occurrences, the use of codes of practice, how the legislation is administered. One important principle underlying the legislation is that by bringing all parties in the workplace into consultative and decision-making processes, there will be greater commitment to workplace health and safety. INTRODUCTION Health and safety all about is keeping people from costing harmed by work or turning ill by taking the correct precautions or safeguard and supplying a satisfactory working environment. A risk assessment or judgment is nothing more than a proper way of examination of what reason behind safety of worker in danger and cause harm to work. Risk assessment/judgment should be a practical workout, directed at getting the right way of controls of safety in place keep it simple and set the outcomes into practice [HSE : 2001]. Steps include in risk assessment Make systems for implementing the health and safety assesses identified as necessity by the risk assessment; Put up emergency processes; Offer clear information and training to employees; Guidance in particular to the health and safety troubles of an industry or of a particular procedure applied in a number of industries. The important functions of guidance are: To understand serving people to realized what the law says and provide for instance how demands based on EC Directives meet with those beneath the Health and Safety at Work Act; To aid people follow with the law; To establish technical proposal. Figure Overall safety scheme HAZARDS A health hazard is any chemical or biological substance or physical stressor that causes or aggravates illness in humans. Chemical health hazards occur in many different forms. They can be liquids, such as benzene; solids, such as silica dust; or gases, such as hydrogen sulfide. Normally, it is much easier to determine the cause of an injury on the job than it is an illness due to the following reasons: The chemical substance causing the disease may be odorless or invisible. Symptoms may be mistaken for common non-occupational illnesses. Diseases may not become apparent until many years after the exposure to a hazardous substance. 2.1 Routes of Entry Chemical health hazards can enter the body in different ways: Inhalation from the lungs into the blood stream. Absorption through the skin into the blood stream. Ingestion through digestive tract into the blood stream. 2.2 Types of Hazard Controls Engineering Controls Engineering controls, which involve changes in a machine, work process, chemical, or a building that eliminate or reduce exposure to health hazards are recommended by OSHA as the best method to control hazards. Administrative Controls Administrative controls are used to reduce the number of workers who are exposed to a hazard or to distribute the exposure among more workers so that each workers exposure is less. Administrative controls do not eliminate or reduce the amount of the hazard in the workplace. Personal Protective Equipment Personal protective equipment does reduce exposure to hazards but it is the least desirable protection because it may be uncomfortable, used improperly, or fit poorly. 2.3 Type of Hazards Slips or trips The slip or trip at work in almost all kind of businesses activities or work place cause many serious injurious such as food and catering. Falls from a height Falls from ladders results serious harm to people and to protect falls from height, the work is planned or designed and conveyed out by capable people and adopt the hierarchy for managing and dealing with risks. Fire and explosion Each year many peoples health and safety in danger because of the flammable materials present at workplace or they work with it like heating fuel(LPG gas), Petrol, Paint thinners and during wielding gas used. Musculoskeletal disorders Manual (or mechanical) carrying or moving or delivering or working with loads by hand or using bodily force or power . Noise High levels or degrees echo of noise at work can probably cause hearing damage deafness to both age group young and old. Electricity Electricity can cause non-fatal shocks, falls from ladders caused by contact with overhead or underground power cables. Poor electrical installations or facilities and faulty or defective electrical gadgets can lead to huge fires and sometimes blast result in death or danger to safety and health to others. Radiation Different kinds of radiation harmful and very dangers to human and environment like UV radiation, Laser, X-ray. First aid and accident reporting First aid means emergency care given before regular medical  aid can be obtained. It basically involve treating any physical damage to the body caused at work and giving immediate care to more serious and of great consequence casualties before the medical help are obtainable. Through with this at the beginning management of injury or damage suffered at work, lives can be saved and minor injuries prevented from turning into major ones[ Work cover: ISBN 978 1 ]. Reporting accidents and ill health of worker at workplace is a legal demand. LEGISLATION There are certain mass of legislation are provided and come year by year for the safety and health of worker at workplace. We discuss some important Laws available [HSE: 2001]. 2.1 Management of Health and Safety at Work Regulations 1999 (risk assessment). Choose specially and sufficient risk assessment is made of:- The risks to all employees whilst they are working; The risks to all workers originating from companys operations; The recognition of the measures needed to follow with the applicable statutory conditions. These Risk Assessments will be examined at least yearly. Interpretation of Risks: Hazard or danger Hazard Material Risk involved 2.2 Workplace Health and Safety Act 1995(the Act). The aim of the Act is to provide for the health and safety of people employed in, engaged in or affected by industry [ Work cover: ISBN 978 1 ]. Specifically, the Act aims or objectives to: †¢ assure the health, safety and welfare of employees at work †¢ protect people at or near workplaces from risks to health and safety †¢ promote an occupational environment for employees that harmonize with their health and safety needs †¢ foster a co-operative, consultative relationship between employers and employees The Act covers employers, employees, self-employed persons, manufacturers, service providers, designers, importers, suppliers and installers [HSE : 2001]. 2.3 Workplace Health and Safety Regulations 1996. The function and purpose of regulations is to give details of requirements that must be observed in the workplace. Regulations are the second tier of legislation. While they are subordinate to the Act, they still represent legal requirements, and failure to comply will generally be an offence punishable by a fine. The Act broadly outlines the legal obligations employers and workers have to workplace health and safety. The Regulations set out goals for meeting these legal obligations and making workplaces safe. Employers and workers can tailor safety measures to the needs of individual workplaces provided the outcomes specified in the Regulations are achieved[ Work cover: ISBN 978 1 ]. Risk management is a key element of the Regulations. Other important issues outlined in the Regulations include the need to: †¢ communicate with all parties at the workplace, including health and safety committees or employees safety representatives and those responsible for managing workplaces particularly whenever any proposed change to a workplace is likely to affect health or safety †¢ keep records relating to a number of workplace matters †¢ make any relevant health and safety information available to workers. 2.4 Safety Representatives and Safety Committees Regulations 1977 Under the Act, the functions of the health and safety committee are to: †¢ Foster consultation and co-operation between employers and people working at the workplace †¢ Initiate, develop and implement measures that will ensure workplace health and safety †¢ Keep abreast of changes in standards of workplace health and safety †¢ Recommend to the employer that programs, measures and procedures about workplace health and safety are established, maintained and monitored †¢ Keep information provided by the employer about hazards that may arise at the workplace in a place where employees can access them Figure The law on consulting employees about health and safety in your Health and safety in Construction This section provides a brief outlines the main health and safety management requirements during a construction project by including and addressing the following project specifies [OGC: 2003]: Objectives, the key health and safety performance and success criteria during construction and for the finished asset. Background, the key health and safety drives ( such as the intention to achieve excellence as a client and to align the project with current national improvement campaigns. A business case that recognizes the need for client health and safety leadership and commitment Quality plans that measure health and safety performance during design, procurement and construction(including , where appropriate, facilities maintenance etc) Project organization, addressing responsibilities for the management of health ans safety risks as part of project governance. CONCLUSION A systematic and regular audit of Safety Systems and Performance can lead to significant improvements. There are certain laws and legislation are made in favor of workers and employee for their safety and there are so many committee and representative are assign to groups of worker under safety representatives. The main function of safety representatives to look into possible hazards and dangerous happening at the workplace (whether or not they are drawn to his attention by the employees he represents)

Lord Of The Flies :: essays research papers

Lord of the Flies by William Golding is a novel that represents society and it’s components in a tale about a children stranded on an island. Of the group there are two who want to lead the boys for the duration of their stay, one of which is Jack Merridew. Although he doesn’t have any power at the beginning of the novel, he took every chance he had to try to take the position of chief which he eventually got. He ruled with an iron fist, allowing no one to question him or his leadership. Jack represented the wanting for a single, all powerful leader to guide the followers of society using any means he feels necessary. Golding grew up during a time when he was taught to believe that man was good at heart. Books like Tarzan, and Coral island showed him that it was indeed society that was evil and that man was good at heart. These views were demonstrated in some of his earlier writing, but that changed after his experiences in the war. After Golding returned from WWII, he had a different view on man. He saw a lot of action and destruction during his time with the navy, and this influenced his beliefs on man quite drastically. The mass destruction and killing pushed him to think that man can be evil, selfish and power hungry. Jack spawned out of these beliefs. Jack was a very power hungry young boy. He liked to be in command of things and when he wasn’t, he tried to put himself into that position. This desire for power was shown throughout the novel, as was the fact that he loved attention that accompanied it. He loved to be the centre of attention and would do anything to boost himself above other people. To make him more evil, he was not able to conceal any of these characteristics, he had to let them loose. Upon the arrival of the boys to the island Jack was put in the middle of a power struggle. Although the conflict was brief, there was still a very obvious confrontation between Jack and Ralph. Once the boys had assembled themselves there was an election to see who was to be chief. Dispite the fact that Ralph was voted leader, the wanting to be in command never left Jack, not for a minute. He already had some leadership skills, being head choir boy at his old school, and felt that he should be leader and continuously challenged Ralph. Among several things they argued about, the most common was the debate over the fire.